Inflammation is the Complex reaction in the living vascularized connective tissue towards an injury.
Components of inflammation
nCirculating cells
nConnective tissue cells
nECM
nPlasma
nBlood vessel
Classification:Types of inflammation
nACUTE INFLAMMATION: is the inflammation of shorter in duration & exudative in nature.
nCHRONIC INFLAMMATION: prolonged in duration & proliferative in nature i.e. acute inflammation, tissue destruction and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously.
Acute inflammation
nAcute inflammation is the immediate and early response to an injurious agent.
Cardinal signs
nRubar (redness)
nCalor (heat)
nDolor (Pain)
nTumor (swelling)
nFunctio laesa (loss of function)
Causes of inflammation(acute)
1.Infectious agents: Bacteria, Virus, Fungus, Protozoa, Helminthes.
2.Physical agent: Cold, Heat, Radiation.
3.Chemical agent: Toxins, Acid, alkali.
4.Immunological agents: all types: hypersensitivity reaction
5.Injury associated with necrosis.
6.Foreign body: dirt, sutures
The major manifestations of acute inflammation
nVascular dilatation/vascular changes of caliber and flow
nExtravasations of plasma fluid and protein (exudation)
nLeukocytes emigration and accumulation in the injury site.
Inflammation is a protective response but may be potentially harmful
Chronic inflammation
nIt is defined as an inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or month) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction & attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously.
nExample: Rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, tuberculosis and chronic lung disease.
Causes of chronic inflammation
nPersistent infection: tubercle bacilli, Treponeoma palladium, fungus parasites
nProlonged exposure to potentially toxic agent: silica, lipid (atherosclerosis)
nAutoimmunity: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
Histological feature of chronic inflammation
1.Infiltration of mononuclear cells, which include macrophage, lymphocytes and plasma cells.
2.Tissue destruction induced by persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells.
3.Attempts of healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue, accomplished by proliferation of small blood vessels (angiogenesis) and in particular fibrosis.
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